2008 August | Basic Science World Blog

???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????

August 27th, 2008 No comments

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ndomitable ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????.

??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ???? MRI ??? ?????? ?????? Magnetic Resonance Imaging ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? NMRI ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? MRI? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???????.

?????? ???????

???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? (MRI) 3 ????? ????? 2 ??? ???????? 2 ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????. ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? MRI?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????????.

?????? ??????????

?????? ??? ???? ???? MRI ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? 2 ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? 10000 ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? 0.5 ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? NMR.

??? ?????? ???????? ???? MRI ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 25 ??? ?????? 86 ??? ??????? 78 ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? Alzheimer.

???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??????.

????? ???? MRI

????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ????? MRI.

???? MRI ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??????

????? ????????? ????????

(1) ????????? ???????: ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? 50,000 ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? 0.3 ????.

(2) ????????? ??????: ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? 7 ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? 0.4 ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????.

???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? 2 ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????.

????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? 8000 ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? 4500 ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????.

??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? 180 ???? ??? 270 ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????.

??? MRI ??????? ???????? ???? ???????

????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????.

??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? MRI ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????.

???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? MRI ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????

??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? MRI

???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????.

??? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????

??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? MRI ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????.

?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????.

????? ????? ???????

???? ????? ????? ???????? MRI ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? CT

??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???

???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? MRI

?????? ??? ?????

??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????.

????? ???? MRI

???? ???? MRI

?????? ???????? ????? ????? MRI

??? ????? MRI ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? 20 ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? 100 ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? MRI ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? MRI ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????.

source :www.money4-u.blogspot.com

????? ?????

http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/mri/index.html

http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/health_advice/examinations/mriscan.htm

http://www.strokecenter.org/pat/diagnosis/mri.htm

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/mri.html

http://www.mritutor.org/mritutor/index.html

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difference between CD-R “fixation” and “finalization “?

August 19th, 2008 No comments

What is the difference between CD-R “fixation” and “finalization “?
Fixation is the process of writing the lead-in and lead-out information to the disc. This process finishes a writing
session and creates a table of contents. Fixation is required for a CD-ROM or CD-Audio player to play the disc.
Discs which are “fixated for append” can have additional sessions recorded, with their own session lead-in and leadout,
creating a multisession disc. When a disc is “finalized” the absolute lead-in and lead-out for the entire disc is
written, along with information which tells the reader not to look for subsequent sessions. This final table of
contents (TOC) conforms to the ISO 9660 standard.
What is “disc at once”?
Disc at Once is a writing mode that requires data to be written continuously, without any interruptions, until the
entire data set is transferred to the CD-R. The lead-in, program and lead-out are written in a single event. All of the
information to be recorded needs to be staged on the computer’s hard disk prior to recording in the Disc at Once
mode. This mode is usually preferred for discs that are sent to a CD-ROM replication facility when CD-R is the
source media. Recording in the Disc at Once mode eliminates the linking and run-in and run-out blocks associated
with multisession and packet recording modes, which often are interpreted as uncorrectable errors during the glass
mastering process.
What is “track at once”?
Track at Once is a writing mode that allows a session to be written in a number of discrete write events, called
tracks. The disc may be removed from the writer and read in another writer (given proper software) before the session
is fixated. The written sessions contain complete “tracks” of information..
What is “incremental” or “packet” writing?
Track at Once writing is a form of incremental write which mandates a minimum track length of 300 blocks and a
maximum of 99 tracks per disc. A track written “at once” has 150 blocks of overhead for run-in, run-out, pre-gap
and linking. Packet write, on the other hand, is a method whereby several write events are allowed within a track,
thus reducing the overhead. These “packets” are bounded by 7 blocks for run-in (4), run-out (2) and link (1).

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A Chameleon Sky

The sands of time are running out for the central star of this the Hourglass Nebula. With its nuclear fuel exhausted, this brief, spectacular, closing phase of a sun-like star's life occurs as its outer layers are ejected and its core becomes a cooling, fading white dwarf. In 1995, astronomers used the Hubble Space Telescope to make a series of images of planetary nebulae, including the one above. Here, delicate rings of colorful glowing gas (nitrogen-red, hydrogen-green, and oxygen-blue) outline the tenuous walls of the 'hourglass.' The unprecedented sharpness of Hubble's images revealed surprising details of the nebula ejection process and may resolve the outstanding mystery of the variety of complex shapes and symmetries of planetary nebulae. Image Credit: NASA, WFPC2, HST, R. Sahai and J. Trauger (JPL)
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